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Sains Malaysiana 55(5)(2026):
785-801
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2026-5505-02
Integrasi Kaedah Geofizik untuk Pengesanan Rongga menggunakan Model Plot
Silang 2-D
(Integration of Geophysical Methods
for Cavity Detection using 2-D Cross Plot Models)
NURUL ASIKIN MOHD ARAHA1, MUHAMMAD
TAQIUDDIN ZAKARIA1,*, NOORZAMZARINA
SULAIMAN2, MUHAMMAD FAWZY ISMULLAH MASSINAI1,3 & NUR
IRDINA INSYIRAAH MOHD SALWIRA1
1Program Geologi, Jabatan Sains Bumi dan Alam Sekitar, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
2Jabatan Geosains, Fakulti Sains Bumi, Universiti Malaysia
Kelantan Kampus Jeli, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
3Jabatan Geofizik, Fakulti Matematik dan Sains Semula Jadi, Universiti Hasanuddin,
Makassar 90245, Indonesia
Diserahkan: 9 Disember 2025/Diterima: 30 April
2026
Abstrak
Rongga ialah ruang kosong di bawah permukaan yang boleh terbentuk melalui proses semula jadi atau aktiviti manusia. Fenomena ini sering berlaku apabila air bawah tanah melarutkan batuan yang mudah larut, sekali gus menimbulkan risiko terhadap infrastruktur dan harta benda. Rongga lazim ditemui dalam formasi karbonat dan evaporit seperti batu kapur dan gipsum. Untuk meneliti ciri rongga dengan lebih terperinci, kaedah Tomografi Keberintangan Geoelektrik (ERT)
dan Tomografi Pembiasan Seismos (SRT) digunakan. Memandangkan setiap kaedah mempunyai kekangan jika ditafsir secara berasingan, teknik plot silang 2-D diterapkan bagi meningkatkan ketepatan interpretasi bawah permukaan. Teknik ini memaparkan hubungan antara keberintangan dan halaju seismos, sekali gus memudahkan pengesanan anomali. Kajian dijalankan di Kompleks Gua, Dabong, Kelantan dengan objektif mengintegrasikan model ERT dan SRT bagi mengesan rongga melalui model plot silang 2-D.
Data diperoleh melalui empat garisan tinjauan selari. Model yang dihasilkan menunjukkan korelasi jelas antara keberintangan ≥170 Ωm dan halaju gelombang-P
<1500 m/s hingga kedalaman sekitar 2-3 m. Secara keseluruhannya, model plot silang 2-D bersepadu ini berkesan dalam mengesan rongga serta meningkatkan resolusi bawah permukaan, seterusnya membolehkan struktur geologi digariskan dengan lebih tepat. Pendekatan ini turut menyumbang kepada pemahaman bawah permukaan, termasuk pengenalpastian jenis batuan, zon tepu air, zon kelemahan dan pengisian rongga, selain menyokong usaha mitigasi geobencana.
Kata kunci: Geobencana; model plot silang 2-D; rongga; tomografi keberintangan geoeletrik; tomografi pembiasan seismos
Abstract
A
cavity or void is an open subsurface space formed by natural processes or human
activities. These features often develop when groundwater dissolves soluble
rocks, creating potential risks to infrastructure and property. Cavities are
commonly found in carbonate and evaporite formations such as limestone and
gypsum. To investigate cavity characteristics, Electrical Resistivity
Tomography (ERT) and Seismic Refraction Tomography (SRT) were used. Since each
method has limitations when interpreted separately, a 2-D cross plot technique
was introduced to improve subsurface interpretation. This approach visually
relates resistivity and seismic velocity, allowing anomalies to be identified
more clearly. The study was conducted at Kompleks Gua, Kelantan, with the objective of integrating ERT and
SRT for cavity detection using a 2-D cross plot model. Data acquisition was
completed along four inline survey lines. The resulting model showed a clear
correlation between resistivity and P-wave velocity, enabling cavities to be
outlined. Cavities were indicated by resistivity values ≥170 Ωm and
P-wave velocities <1500 m/s, extending to depths of about 2-3 m. Overall,
the integrated 2-D cross plot model effectively detected cavities and enhanced
subsurface resolution, allowing more precise delineation of geological
structures. This approach also provides useful insights for characterizing
subsurface conditions, including identifying rock types, saturated zones,
weakness zones and cavity infills, as well as supporting geohazard mitigation
efforts.
Keywords: Cavity; electrical resistivity
tomography; geohazard; seismic refraction tomography; 2-D cross plot model
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email:
taqiuddin@ukm.edu.my
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